In the case of plants and certain protozoa, the biosynthesis of IPP/DMAPP takes place in plastid organelles. The three non-mevalonate (MEP) pathway genes DXS, DXR and MECS, and G10H are expressed in internal phloem parenchyma cells. Schematic of the biosynthetic pathway that leads to monoterpenoid indole alkaloids in Madagascar periwinkle. MEP pathway products (Sauret-Geto et al., 2006). However, the role of IPI in each pathway and in plant development is unknown due to a lack of genetic studies using IPI-defective mutants. plants are derived from the MEP pathway (Eisenreich et al., 2001; Rodriguez-Concepcion and Boronat, 2002). However, several Arabidopsis mutants, identied through screens for FSM resistance, grow in the presence of FSM without apparent up-regulation of the MEP pathway or generation of MEP pathway products (Sauret-Geto et al., 2006; Flores-Prez et al., 2008, 2010; Van Ree et al., 2011). In plants, IPP and DMAPP are synthesized via the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) and plastidic methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways, respectively. The MEP pathway uses glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate as initial substrates to form deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP); this is catalyzed by DXP synthase (DXS). When 13 CO 2 is fed to photosynthesizing plant leaves, isoprene rapidly becomes labelled confirming the close relationship between isoprene synthesis and the Calvin-Benson cycle.48, 50, 2). Bacteria, plants, and apicomplexan protozoasuch as malaria parasitesare able to produce isoprenoid precursors using an alternative pathway, the MEP pathway, which is a non-mevalonate pathway. In addition, there are several reports demonstrating the metabolic cross-talk between MVA and MEP pathway in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes [4,84]. It is well known that terpenoids are biosynthesized via two pathways in plants: the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytosol and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids ().The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the MVA pathway, and mevinolin (MEV) is a highly specific inhibitor of HMGR . Cordoba E, Salmi M, Len P (2009) Unravelling the regulatory mechanisms that modulate the MEP pathway in higher plants. the MVA pathway or the MEP pathway in null mutants or the complete inhibition of single pathway enzymes in wild-type plants treated with specific inhibitors results in a developmen-tal block and a seedling-lethal phenotype, indicating that the loss of one of the two pathways cannot be compensated by the remaining pathway. The source of GAP and pyruvate for the MEP pathway in chloroplasts of plants is potentially more complex (Fig. Introduction. More recently, another pathway has been described, the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, which is found in the plastids of plants (19). Two metabolic pathways exist for the biosynthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: The mevalonate pathway, predominantly used by plants and in a few insect species. Unlike isoprenoid biosynthesis in other living organisms, prenyl-PP, as the precursor of all isoprenoids in plants, is synthesized by two independent pathways: the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytoplasm and the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids. For instance, labeling experiments in snapdragon flowers have shown that sesquiterpenes were produced by cytosolic sTPSs using C 5 precursors made in plastids via the MEP pathway [68,85].

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